Shahnaaz Khatoon1* S.C. Jain1 and M.U. Charaya2
1Department of Botany, D. N. (P.G.) College Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005
1Microbiology Laboratory,Department of Botany, Chaudhary Charan Singh University Meerut Uttar Pradesh 250005
Email: Shahnaazkhatoon@gmail.com
Received-08.10.2017, Revised-25.10.2017
Abstract: The present study was undertaken with an aim to search for the fungal strains, which have the potential to efficiently decompose wheat straw with high C:N ratios. Identification and characterization of these microbial species is important to study their decomposition potential for use in soil fertility management. Atotal 19 strains of fungal primary colonizers were isolated from a sample of wheat straw. Out of these, one belonged to Zygomycota while the remaining 18 belonged to Deuteromycota. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Helminthosporium, Stachybotrys, Fusarium and Penicillium were the most frequently isolated genera at low nitrogen concentration. Isolated strains at low nitrogen concentration seem to be the most probable candidates, as initial primary bio inoculants, for hastening the decomposition of wheat straw. The results of this study suggest the possibility of utilizing fungal inoculants as an integrated component of microbe-based strategies for biotechnological management of wheat straw.
Keywords: Wheat Straw, Microorganisms, Isolation, Decomposition, Serial dilution, Fertilizers
REFERENCES
Alexander, M. (1977). Introduction to Soil Microbiology.2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Reprinted by Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, Banglore, Bombay, Callcutta.
Avella, M., Bozzi, C., dell’Erba, R., Focher, B., Marzetti, A. and Martuscelli, E. (1995). Steam exploded wheat straw fibers as reinforcing material for polypropylene-based composites.Die Angew and teakro molekulare Chemie.233: 149–166.
Badrinath, K.V.S., Kiranchand, T.R. and Prasad, Krishna (2006). Agriculture crop burning in the Indo-Gangetic plains- a study using IRS-P6AWiFS satellite data. Curr. Sci.91, 85–89.
Bals, B., Murnen, H., Allen, M. and Dale, B. (2010). Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment of elevendifferent forages: Improvements to fiber digestibility in vitro. Animal Feed Science Technology155: 147–155. Mary, B., Recous, Darwis, D., Robin, D., 1996. Interactions between decomposition of plant residues and nitrogen cycling in soil. Plant and Soil. 181,71−82.
Barnett, H.L. and Hunter, B.B. (1972). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolia, Minnesota.
Charaya, M.U. (2006). Successive microbial colonization of wheat straw decomposing under different situations. Jour. Ind. Bot. Soc. 85,121–134.
Charaya, M.U. and Mehrotra, R.S. (2005). Fungal decomposition of plant litter: some attributes of primary colonizers. Proc. Symposium on challenging problem in Mycology and Plant pathology. May 2-3, 2005, Jammu (J &K); pp. 29–31.
Charaya, M.U. and Mehrotra, R.S. (2005). Fungal decomposition of plant litter: some attributes of primary colonizers. Proc. Symposium on challenging problem in Mycology and Plant pathology.May 2-3, 2005, Jammu (J &K); pp. 29–31.
Chauhan, K. (2006). Studies on potential of fungi to decompose sugarcane trash in relation to varying nitrogen levels. Ph.D. Thesis C.C.S. University, Meerut.
Chauhan, K. (2006). Studies on potential of fungi to decompose sugarcane trash in relation to varying nitrogen levels. Ph.D. Thesis C.C.S. University, Meerut.
Deswarte, F.E.I., Clark, J.H., Wilson, A.J., Hardy, J.J.E., Marriott, R., Chahal, S.P., Jackson, C., Heslop, G., Birkett, M., Bruce, T.J. and Whiteley, G. (2007). Toward an integrated straw-based biorefinery. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 1, 245–254.
Dickinson, C.H. and Pugh, G.J.F. (1974). Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition. Vols. I and II. Academic Press, London and New York.
Doan, M., Ingrid, H., Franke-Whittele, I., Insam, H., Chen, Y. and Hadar, Y. (2008). Molecular analysis of bacterial community succession during prolonged compost curing. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65, 133–144.
Domsch, K.H. and Gams, W. (1972). Fungi in Agricultural Soils. Longman, London.
Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. and Anderson, T. (1980). Compendium of Soil Fungi. Vol. I & II. Academic Press, London, New York, Sydney.
Dube, V.P., Charaya, M.U. and Modi, P. (1980). Ecological and in vitro studies on the soil mycoflora of mango orchards. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.) 82, 157–160.
Ellis, M.B. (1971). Dematiaceoushyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
Ellis, M.B. (1976). More Dematiaceoushyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
Fan, L.T., Lee, Y.H. and Beardmore, D.H. (1981). The influence of major structural features of cellulose on rate of enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol.Bioeng. 23: 419–442.
Gaind, S., Pandey, A.K. and Lata (2005). Biodegradation study of crop residues as affected by exogenous inorganic nitrogen and fungal inoculants.J. Basic Microbiol.45, 301–311.
Galloway, L.D. (1935). Indian Soil fungi. Ind. J. Agric. Sci.6, 578–585.
Guleri, S., Saxena, S., Sharma, P., Malik, N. and Thapliyal, M. (2016). Occurrence and Diversity of Soil Mycoflora in Some Selected Brassica Growing Agricultural Fields of Dehradun District of Uttarakhand Himalaya. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci.4, 253-264.
Gupta, P.K., Sahai, S., Singh, N., Dixit, C.K., Singh, D.P., Sharma, C., Tiwari, M.K., Gupta, R.K. and Garg, S.C. (2004). Residue burning in rice wheat croppingsystem: causes and implications. Curr Sci.87, 13–15.
Hayes, W.A. and Lim, W.G. (1979). Wheat and rice straw composts and mushroom production. In “Straw decay and effect of its diposal and utilization” (Ed. Gronbard, E.); John Willey and sons, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto pp. 83–93.
Hudson, H.J. (1968). The ecology of fungi on plant remains above the soil. New Phytol. 67, 837−874.
Jensen, H.L. (1931). The fungus flora of the soil. Soil Sci. 31, 123–158.
Kumar, A., Rao, N.N. and Kaul, S.N. (2000). Alkali-treated straw and insoluble straw xanthate as low costadsorbents for heavy metal removal preparation, characterization and application. Biores. Tech.71, 133–142.
Li, H.C., Hu, Y.L., Mao, R., Zhao, Q. and Zeng, D.H. (2015). Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Litter Decomposition and CO2 Release: Considering Changes in Litter Quantity.PLoS ONE 10(12), e0144665.
Maaroufi, N.I., Nordin, A., Palmqvist, K. and Gundale, M.J. (2017). Nitrogen enrichment impacts on boreal litter decomposition are driven by changes in soil microbiota rather than litter quality. Scientific Reports, 7, 4083.
Manríquez, O. M., Montano, M. F., Calderon, J. F., Valdez, J. A., Chirino, J. O., Gonzalez, V. M. and Zinn, R. A. (2016). Influence of Wheat Straw Pelletizing and Inclusion Rate in Dry Rolled or Steam-flaked Corn-based Finishing Diets on Characteristics of Digestion for Feedlot Cattle. Asian-Australas J. Anim Sci. 29, 823–829.
Nagamani, A., Kunwar, K.I.O. and Manoharachary, C. (2006). Handbook of soil fungi. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Park, D. (1976). Carbon and nitrogen levels as factors influencing fungal decomposers. In: The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic organismsin Decomposition process (Eds. Anderson, J.M. and A. Macfadyen). Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, London Edinburgh, Melbourne pp. 41–59.
Rahman, F., Rahman, M., Rahman, G.K.M., Saleque, M.A., Sakhawat Hossain A.T.M. and Md Giashuddin Miah. (2016). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers and rice straw on carbon sequestration and soil fertility under a rice–rice cropping pattern. Carbon Management,7, 41-53.
Raman, K.V. (2005). Sustaining soil fertility. The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture pp. 165–167.
Rani, P. (2008). Studies on the fungal decomposition of sugarcane trash. Ph.D. Thesis C.C.S. University, Meerut.
Raper, K. B. and Thom (1949). A Manual of Penicillia. Williams Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
Reddy N. and Yang, Y. (2007). Preparation and characterization of long natural cellulose fibers from wheat straw. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 8570–8575.
Riker, A. J. and Riker, R.S. (1936). Introduction to research on plant diseases. John S. Swift Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Runzhou Huang, Min Yu., Chunxia He, Qinglin Wu, and Xueni Zhao (2016). Hybrid Composites from Wheat Straw, Inorganic Filler, and Recycled Polypropylene: Morphology and Mechanical and Thermal Expansion Performance. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 12 pages.
Sajith, S., Priji, P., Sreedevi, S. and Benjamin, S. (2016). An Overview on Fungal Cellulases with an Industrial Perspective. J Nutr Food Sci 6:461.
Sastre, C.M., González-Arechavala, Y. and Santos, A.M. (2015). Global warming and energy yield evaluation of Spanish wheat straw electricity generation – A LCA that takes into account parameter uncertainty and variability. Appl. Energy. 154, 900–911.
Sen, S. and Charaya, M.U. (2010). Copper-tolerant microfungi for bioremediation. Prog. Agric. 10, 66–71.
Sen, S., Charaya, M.U. and Singh, P.B. (2009). Screening of soil for lead toletrant fungi. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 22, 191–194.
Shukla, L. and Mathur, R.S. (2000). Effect of biodegradation sugarcane trash on yield of nutrient uptake by wheat crop. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 48, 520−522.
Singh, P.N. and Charaya, M.U. (1975). Soil fungi of sugarcane field at Meerut. Distribution of soil mycoflora. Geobios.2, 40–43.
Singh, R. (2004). Studies on the fungal decomposition of above ground residues of wheat crop. Ph.D. Thesis, C.C.S. University, India.
Singh, R., Charaya, M.U., Shukla, L., G. Shukla., Kumar, A. and Rani, A. (2015). Lignocellulolytic Potentials of Aspergillus terreus for Management of Wheat Crop Residues. J. Acad and Ind. Res. 3, 453-455.
Subramanian, C.V. (1971). Hyphomycetes. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Tiwari, A. (2010). Studies on the mitigation of metal pollution through boisorption by soilfungi. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Botany, C.C.S. University, Meerut.
Tiwari, A. and Charaya, M.U. (2006). Effect of chromium sulphate on soil mycobiota. Bio-Sci. Res. Bull. 22, 53–56.
Van Fassen, H.G. and Van Dijk, H. (1979). Nitrogen conversions during the composting of manure/straw mixtures. In: straw decay and its effect on disposal and utilization (Ed. Grossbard, E.); John Willey and Sons, Chichester, N.Y., Brisbane, Toronto, pp. 113–120.
Venkateswarlu, N., Sireesha, O., Aishwayra, S., Vijaya, T. and Sriramulu. A. (2015). Isolation, screening of rhizosphere fungi antagonistic to rice stem rot disease pathogen sclerotium oryzae catt. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8, 54-57.
Viola, E., Zimbardi, F., Cardinale, M., Cardinale, G., Braccio, G. and Gambacorta, E. (2008). Processing cereal straws by steam explosion in a pilot plant to enhance digestability in ruminants. Biores. Technol. 99, 681–689.
Waksman, S.A. and Tenney, F.G. (1927). The composition of natural organic materials and their decomposition in the soil. I methods of quantitative analysis of plant materials. Soil Sci. 24, 275−283.
Wang, J., Wensheng, Bu., Zhao, Bo., Zhao, X., Zhang, C., Juan, Fan. and Gadow, K.V. (2015). Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Leaf Decomposition of Single-Species and Litter Mixture in Pinus tabulaeformis Forest. Forests 6, 4462–4476.
Wei, T., Zhang, P., Wang, K., Ding, R., Yang, B. and Nie, J. (2015). Effects of Wheat Straw Incorporation on the Availability of Soil Nutrients and Enzyme Activities in Semiarid Areas. PLoS ONE 10(4), e0120994.
Yadav, J.S. (1987). Influence of nutritional supplimetation on solid substrate termination of wheat straw with an alkalophilic white rot fungus (Coprinus spp.). App. Microbiol. Technol. 26, 474–478.
Zhao J., Li X., Qu Y. and Gao, P. (2004). Alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping of wheat straw with enzyme treatment. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 112, 12–23. Raper, K. B. and Thom (1949). A Manual of Penicillia. Williams Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
Zhao, Ya-Nan., Xin-Hua, He., Xing-Cheng, Huang., Yue-Qiang, Zhang. and Xiao-Jun, Shi. (2016). Increasing Soil Organic Matter Enhances Inherent Soil Productivity while Offsetting Fertilization Effect under a Rice Cropping System. Sustainability, 8, 879.