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Nayan Kumar1, Mukesh Kumar2*, Ram Naresh2, Kapil2, Kuldeep Singh2 and Amandeep Singh2
1,2Department of Soil and Water Engineering, CCS HAU, Hisar
Email: mukeshdandi@yahoo.com
Received-18.03.2026, Revised-13.04.2026, Accepted-28.04.2026
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the summer season at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, to evaluate the effects of crop geometry and irrigation frequency on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Two crop geometries were assigned to main plots: normal geometry (plant spacing 30 cm, row spacing 45 cm, and lateral spacing 45 cm with one lateral per crop row) and paired-row geometry (plant spacing 30 cm, paired rows at 30 cm with 90 cm spacing between pairs and one lateral for each pair of rows). Four irrigation frequencies viz. daily irrigation, alternate-day irrigation, irrigation after three days, and irrigation after five days—were allotted to subplots. Crop geometry and irrigation frequency significantly influenced yield and resource use efficiencies. Normal geometry with daily irrigation produced the highest total yield (114.98 q ha⁻¹), IWUE (5.68 kg m⁻³), and FUE (54.76 kg kg⁻¹), whereas the lowest values of yield (94.86 q ha⁻¹), IWUE (4.68 kg m⁻³), and FUE (45.17 kg kg⁻¹) were observed under paired-row geometry with irrigation after five days. Overall, normal geometry resulted in higher average yield (106.74 q ha⁻¹) than paired-row geometry (102.85 q ha⁻¹). Similarly, daily irrigation recorded the highest mean yield (113.86 q ha⁻¹), IWUE (5.62 kg m⁻³), and FUE (54.22 kg kg⁻¹), followed by alternate-day irrigation, irrigation after three days, and irrigation after five days.
Keywords: Irrigation water use efficiency, Fertilizer use efficiency, Paired row geometry
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