View: Full Length Article
Mood Tejaswini1, Rajeshwari N.2, Geeta S. Tamgale3 and Praveen Shindhe4
1-3Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science,
UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka
4Department of Commerce, Govt First Grade College, Dharwad, Karnataka
Received-02.09.2025, Revised-14.09.2025, Accepted-28.09.2025
Abstract: A major worldwide problem is carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and land use changes, as well as climate change. Emphasizing the necessity of marine strata and terrestrial ecosystems in absorbing too much CO₂ and reducing the impacts of climate change, this work investigates the fundamental processes governing the worldwide carbon cycle. Although natural carbon sinks consume a sizable share of emissions, continuous fossil fuel usage and deforestation threaten to increase atmospheric CO₂ levels to never-before-seen extremes, hence with rather severe climatic consequences. Moreover, the complex interaction of policy measures, technological innovation, and economic growth is investigated by combining current research on greenhouse gas emissions across key sectors, including energy, manufacturing, transportation, and land use. Given their past emissions and present trajectories, countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) draw special interest. Emphasizing the great need for coordinated, science-based policies, the study combines sectoral trends, emission drivers, and mitigating technologies, including carbon capture technologies and renewable energy adoption. Effective climate action, tackling both environmental and moral needs of global CO₂ reduction, is sought, hence balancing economic expansion with sustainability. Knowing the interactions of carbon between the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems (the living and dead organic matter on land), and the seas first helps one to understand the broader dynamics of the global carbon cycle and its effect on climate change. Particularly, their middle layers at depths of 100 to 1000 meters, the oceans act as significant reserves that soak up heat and extra atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), thereby helping to somewhat stop global warming.
Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Climate, Greenhouse gas emissions
REFERENCES
Ahmed, N., Patel, S. and Xu, L. (2024). Statistical and machine learning approaches to forecast CO₂ emissions in developed countries. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.02340. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.02340
Bolin, B., Degens, E. T., Kempe, S. and Ketner, P. (1979). The global carbon cycle (SCOPE Report 13, 491 pp.). International Council of Scientific Unions, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment.
Charney, J. G., Arakawa, A., Baker, D. J., Bolin, B., Dickinson, R. E., Goody, R., Leith, C. E., Smagorinsky, J. and Wunsch, C. (1979). Carbon dioxide and climate: A scientific assessment (Report of the National Academy of Sciences). National Research Council. https://archive.org/details/carbon-dioxide-and-climate-charney-report-1979.
Destek, M. A. and Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of The Total Environment, 650, 2483–2489.
High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices (2017). Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices. World Bank Group. https://www.carbonpricingleadership.org/report-of-the-highlevel-commission-on-carbon-prices.
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2015). Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/publications/WCMS_432859/lang–en/index.htm
Khare, P., Sharma, N. and Singh, A. (2025). CO₂ capture: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis. Molecules, 30(3), 563. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/563
Lenton, T. M., Rockstrom, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. and Schellnhuber, H. J. (2019). Climate tipping pointstoo risky to bet against. Nature, 575(7784), 592–595.
Macreadie, P. I., Costa, M. D. P., Atwood, T. B., Friess, D. A., Kelleway, J. J., Kennedy, H. and Serrano, O. (2019). The future of blue carbon science. Nature Communications, 10(1), 3998.
Poore, J. and Nemecek, T. (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392), 987–992.
Román, J. F. and Kabir, E. (2024). Assessing CO₂ emissions in manufacturing industries: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production.
Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D. and Trundle, A. G. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning. In O. Edenhofer et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 923–1000). Cambridge University Press.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2022). Biennial assessment and overview of climate finance flows. https://unfccc.int
Zhang, C. and Da, Y. (2015). The decomposition of energy-related carbon emissions and the decoupling effects in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 412, 1255–1266. https://balancedearth.org/why-is-it-important-to-reduce-carbon-footprint/