Amandeep Kaur1, Amanpreet Singh Sran2, Vikas Kumar2 and Bahaderjeet Singh1*
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University,
Talwandi Sabo-151302, Bathinda (Punjab), India
2Department of Plant Pathology & Horticulture, School of Agriculture,
Om Sterling Global University, Hisar-125001 (Haryana), India
Email: sidhubahaderjit@yahoo.in
Received-03.11.2021, Revised-16.11.2021, Accepted-24.11.2021
Abstract: Kinnow is an important citrus fruit grown in India. Post harvest diseases account for 50% of losses in fruits stored under poor storage conditions especially under high humidity. They pose a major problem to the agriculture industry. Not only the quality and quantity are affected by the post harvest losses but losses in fruits can occur in terms of economics, quantity, quality and nutrition. Among the various pathological constraints, postharvest fruit drop is a most serious problem for citrus growers. The two most common pathogens that are responsible for post harvest fruit drop of citrus fruits are Penicillium digitatum (green mould) and Penicillium italicum (blue mould). Different bioagent, chemicals and botanicals evaluated under in vitro condition against the mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. All botanicals, BCAs and chemicals inhibited the growth (colony diameter) of both pathogens over untreated PDA plates, but the maximum inhibition was exhibited by B. subtilis followed by garlic. Results indicated that BCAs and botanicals have the potential to control Postharvest diseases without causing any injury or harmful effects on Kinnow mandarin; these can be recommended as a safe method for extending its storage life while maintaining fruit quality at the same time.
Keywords: Botanical control, Fruit drop, Postharvest pathogens, Integrated disease management
References
Abbo, A.Z., Idris, M.O. and Hammad, A.M. (2014). The antifungal effects of four tomato rhizosphere Bacillus spp. againAlternaria alternata. International Journal of Science and Research 3(7): 1324–8.
[ Google Scholar ]
Akhtar, N., Anjum, T. and Jabeen, R. (2013). Isolation and identification of storage fungi from citrus sampled from major growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Agr. Biol., 2013, 15(6).
[ Google Scholar ]
Ballester, A-R, et al. (2014). Genome, trans-criptome, and functional analyses of Penicillium expansum provide new insights into secondary metabolism and pathogenicity. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 28(6):635–647.
Barkai-Golan, R. (2001). Post harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Development and control. 1st edition. ElsievierSci Amsterdam, Netherland. pp: 418.
[ Google Scholar ]
Camañas, T.P., Viñas, I., Usall, J., Torres, R., Anguera, M. and Teixidó, N. (2008). Control of postharvest diseases on citrus fruit by preharvest applications of biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2 Part II. Effectiveness of different cell formulations. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2008, 49, 96–106.
Chaudhary, M. (2003). Studies on the post-harvest diseases of tomato and their management. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni- Solan (HP).
[ Google Scholar ]
Gianessi, L. and Reigner, N. (2006). The importance of fungicides in U.S. crop production. Outlook. Pest Manag. 10: 209 – 213.
[ Google Scholar ]
Hasani, A., Kariminik, A. and Issazadeh, K. (2014). Streptomycetes: Characteristics and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biom. Res.; 2(1):63-75.
[ Google Scholar ]
Ingle, S.H., Giri, G.K., Gulhane, A.R. and Konde, S.A. (2008). Management of fruit drops in Nagpur mandarin using bioagents, biochemical and fungicides. J Pl Dis Sci 3: 219- 21.
[ Google Scholar ]
Ismail, M. and Zhang, J. (2004). Post-harvest citrus diseases and their control outlooks. Pest Manag 15:29–35.
[ Google Scholar ]
Kanan, G.J. and Al-Najar, R.A. (2008). In vitro antifungal activities of various plant crude extracts and fractions against citrus post-harvest disease agent Penicillium digitatum .Jordan J. Biol. Sci.2008,1, 89–99.
[ Google Scholar ]
Kanan, G.J.M., Al-Najar and R.A.W.K. (2009). In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Selected Plant Crude Extracts and Fractions against Penicillium Italicum .J. Plant Prot. Res.2009, 49, 341–352.
[ Google Scholar ]
Kinay, P., Mansour, M.F., Gabler, F.M., Margosan, D.A. and Smilanick, J.L. (2007). Characterization of fungicide-resistant isolates of Penicillium digitatum collected in California. Crop Prot 2:647–656.
[ Google Scholar ]
Lucon, C., Guzzo, S., de Jesus, C., Pascholati, S. and de Goes, A. (2010). Postharvest harpin or Bacillus thuringiensis treatments suppress citrus black spot in ‘Valencia’ oranges. Crop Prot 29, 766–772.
[ Google Scholar ]
Ingole*, M. N., Gade, R. M., Charpe, A. M. and Dhule, D. T. (2018). efficacy of fungicides, chemicals, oils, wax and bioagent against post-harvest pathogens of Nagpur mandarin Plant Disease Sciences, Vol. 13(1): 80-85.
[ Google Scholar ]
Mahlo, S.M., McGaw, L.J. and Eloff, J.N. (2010). Some tree leaf extracts have good activity against plant fungal pathogens. Crop Prot., 29: 1529 – 1533.
[ Google Scholar ]
Marcet-Houben, M., Ballester, A., De la Fuente, B., Harries, E., Marcos, J.F., González-Candelas, L. and Gabaldón, T. (2012). Genome sequence of the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus. BMC Genomics 13:646.
[ Google Scholar ]
Martínez, J.A. (2012). Natural fungicides obtained from plants, fungicides for plant and animal diseases, Dr. Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-804-5, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/26336.
[ Google Scholar ]
Meziane, H., Gavriel, S., Ismailov, Z., Chet, I., Chernin, L. and Hofte, M. (2006). Control of green and blue mould on orange fruit by Serratia plymuthica strains IC14 and IC1270 and putative modes of action. Postharvest Biol Technol 39, 125–133.
Nageshwar Rao, T.G. (1995). Diseases of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and their management. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops. 4(1):49-56.
[ Google Scholar ]
Nega, A. (2014). Review on concepts in biological control of plant pathogens. J. Biol. Agric. and Healthc., 4: 27, 33 – 35.
[ Google Scholar ]
Obagwa, J. and Korsten, L. (2003). Control of citrus green and blue molds with garlic extracts, Eur. J. Plant Pathol.109 (2003) 221–225.
[ Google Scholar ]
Palou, L., Usall, J., Smilanick, J.L., Aguilar, M.J. and Vinas, I. (2002). Evaluation of food additives and low toxicity compounds as alternative chemicals for the control of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicumon citrus fruit. Pest Manag Sci 58, 459–466.
[ Google Scholar ]
Plaza, P., Usall, J., Teixide, N. and Vinas, I. (2003). Effect of water activity and temperature on germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum and Goetrichum candidum. J. Applied Microbiol. 94: 549- 554.
[ Google Scholar ]
Sharma, N. and Sharma, S. (2008). Control of foliar diseases of mustard by Bacillusfrom reclaimed soil. Microbiol. Res. , 163, 408–413.
[ Google Scholar ]
Singh, D. and A. K. Thakur (2005). Effect of fungicides on spoilage caused by mycoflora in kinnow (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) fruits during storage. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 35:125-127.
[ Google Scholar ]
Yoon, C.S. and K.S. Bae (1995). Genetic Relationship graseoseum. In our study all tested [5] primer was among Penicillium Species by Characterizing RAPD Markers. J. Microbiol., 33: 171-177. and Applied Sciences, 2009. 2(1): p. 122-1.
[ Google Scholar ]
Zhang, J. and Swingle, P.P. (2005). Effects of Curing on Green Mold and Stem-End Rot of Citrus Fruit and Its Potential Application under Florida Packing System. Plant Dis. 2005 Aug;89(8):834-840. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0834. PMID: 30786514.
[ Google Scholar ]
Zhang, X. D., Zhang, H.Y. and Sun, P. (2005). Biological control of post harvest green mould decay of oranges by Rhodotorulaglutinis. Eur food Res Technol. 220: 353- 357.
[ Google Scholar ]