Dhinu Yadav1* Kavita Rani1 and Rohit Rana2
1Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004
2Department of Entomology, R.K. (P.G.) College, Shamli
Email: drdhinu@gmail.com
Received-02.09.2020, Revised-23.09.2020
Abstract: Conservation tillage has been considered an established technology for growing farm income, but its implementation is still uncertain in the semi-arid part of western India. The most pronounced impact of conservation tillage is on the cost-saving compartment, but since conservation tillage / zero tillage / no- tillage (CT / ZT / NT) wheat farmers were able to sow the crop much earlier than their conventional counterparts, yield increases by 8%. Crop-rotations and household considerations were influencing ZT adoption. Although there are a range of constraints for continuous adoption of ZT, such as excess moisture, undulated plots, limited landholding and residue management difficulties for kharif crops (pearl millet, cotton). The ZT technology was also found to be efficient in reducing the farmer dependency on external inputs and ensures sustainable production of wheat.
Keywords: Crop-rotations, Physico-chemical properties, Microbiological properties, Zero-tillage
References
Asenso, E., Li, J., Hu, L., Issaka, F., Tian, K., Zhang, L., Zhang, L. and Chen, H. (2018). Tillage effects on soil biochemical properties and maize grown in latosolic red soil of southern China, Hindawi. App. Env. Soil Sci., 1-10.
Baker, C. J., Saxton, K. E. and Ritchie, W. R. (1996). No-tillage Seeding, Science and Practice. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 158 pp
Bhaduri, D., Purakayastha, T. J., Patra, A. K., Singh, M. and Wilson, B. R. (2017). Biological indicators of soil quality in a long-term rice–wheat system on the Indo-Gangetic plain: combined effect of tillage–water–nutrient management. Env. Earth Sci., 76(5): 1-14.
Bini, D., dos Santos, C. A., Bernal, L. P. T., Andrade, G. and Nogueira, M. A. (2014). Identifying indicators of C and N cycling in a clayey Ultisol under different tillage and uses in winter. App. Soil Eco., 76: 95-101.
Çelik, I., Acir, N., Günal, H., Acar, M. and Barut, Z. B. (2017). Effects of long-term soil tillage practices on soil chemical characteristics. International conference on agriculture, forest, Food sciences and technologies, 15-17 May, 2017 at Turkey.
Corsi, S., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A. and Pisante, M. (2014). A review of carbon sequestration through conservation agriculture. In Heng, L.K., Sakadevan, K., Dercon, G., Nguyen, M.L. (eds.): Proceedings of the international symposium on managing soils for food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 205–207.
Derpsch, R. and Friedrich, T. (2009). Global overview of conservation agriculture adoption. Proceedings, Lead Paper, 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, 4-7 February 2009, New Delhi, India, pp. 429-438.
Dongre, K., Sachidanand, B. and Porte, S. S. (2017). Assessment of different microbial population in the rhizosphere of main kharif crop under conventional and conservation agriculture system. Int. J. Curr. Micro. App. Sci., 6(9): 813-819.
Dumanski, J., Reicosky, D. C. and Peiretti, R. A. (2014). Preface Global Pioneers in Soil Conservation: Common Elements and Lessons Learned. International soil and water conservation research, 2(1): 1-4.
Fang, X. M., Chen, F. S., Wan, S. Z., Yang, Q. P. and Shi, J. M. (2015). Topsoil and deep soil organic carbon concentration and stability vary with aggregate size and vegetation type in subtropical China. Plos One, 10(9): 1-17.
FAO (2014a). What is Conservation Agriculture? (http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html).
FAO (2014b). CA Adoption Worldwide, (http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/6c.html).
Farooq, M. and Siddique, K. H. M. (2014). Conservation agriculture. Springer International, Switzerland, pp131.
Faulkner, E. H. (1945). Ploughman’s Folly. Michael Joseph, London. pp. 142.
Friedrich, T., Kassam, A. H. and Shaxson, F. (2009). Conservation agriculture. In Agriculture for developing countries. Science and technology options assessment (STOA) project, European technology assessment group, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Friedrich,T., Derpsch, R. and Kassam, A. H. (2012). Overview of the global spread of conservation agriculture. Field Act. Sci. Rep., Special Issue, 6: 1-7.
Fukuoka, M. (1975). One straw revolution, Rodale Press. English translation of shizen noho wara ippeon no kakumei, Hakujusha Co., Tokyo, pp. 138.
Gajda, A. M., Przewłoka, B. and Gawryjołek, K. (2013). Changes in soil quality associated with tillage system applied. Int. Agrophy., 27(2): 133-141.
Gholami, A., Asgari, H. R. and Zeinali, E. (2014). Effect of different tillage systems on soil physical properties and yield of wheat (Case study: Agricultural lands of Hakim Abad village, Chenaran township, Khorasan Razavi province). Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res., 2(5): 1539-52.
Gomiero, T., Pimentel, D. and Paoletti, M. G. (2011). Environmental impact of different agricultural management practices: conventional vs. organic agriculture. Cr. Rev. Plant Sci., 30(1-2): 95-124.
Habig, J. and Swanepoel, C. (2015). Effects of conservation agriculture and fertilization on soil microbial diversity and activity. Env., 2(3): 358-384.
Hati, K. M., Singh, R. K., Mandal, K. G., Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Somasundaram, J., Mohanty, M., Sinha, N. K., Chaudhary, R. S. and Biswas, A. K. (2014). Conservation tillage effects on soil physical properties, organic carbon concentration and productivity of soybean-wheat cropping system. J. Agri. Phy., 14(2): 121-129.
IPCC, Climate Change (2014). Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 151.
Janušauskaite, D., Kadžienė, G. and Auškalnienė, O. (2013). The Effect of tillage system on soil microbiota in relation to soil structure. Polish J. Env. Stud., 22(5): 1387-1391.
Jat, R. A., Sahrawat, K. L. and Kassam, A. H. (eds.) (2014). Conservation agriculture: global prospects and challenges. CABI, Wallingford. pp. 393.
Jat, H. S., Datta, A., Sharma, P. C., Kumar, V., Yadav, A. K., Choudhary, M., Choudhary, V., Gathala, M. K., Sharma, D. K., Jat, M. L., Yaduvanshi, N. P. S., Singh, G. and McDonald, A. (2018). Assessing soil properties and nutrient availability under conservation agriculture practices in a reclaimed sodic soil in cereal-based systems of North-West India. Arch. Agro. Soil Sci., 64(4): 531-545.
Kabiri, V., Raiesi, F. and Ghazavi, M. A. (2015). Six years of different tillage systems affected aggregate-associated SOM in a semi-arid loam soil from Central Iran. Soil Till. Res., 154: 114-125.
Kabiri, V., Raiesi, F. and Ghazavi, M. A. (2016). Tillage effects on soil microbial biomass, SOM mineralization and enzyme activity in a semi-arid Calcixerepts. Agri. Ecosys. Env., 232: 73–84.
Kaushik, U., Raj, D., Rani, P. and Antil, R. S. (2018). Impact of zero tillage on available nutrients status on pearlmillet wheat cropping system. Int. J. Chem. Stud., 6(3): 2997-3000.
Kassam, A. H., Derpsch, R. and Friedrich, T. (2014a). Global achievements in soil and water conservation: The case for Conservation Agriculture. Int. Soil Water Cons. Res., 2(1): 5-13.
Kassam, A. H., Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R. and Kienzle, J. (2014b) Worldwide adoption of conservation agriculture. 6th World Congress on conservation agriculture, 22-27 June, , Winnipeg, Canada.
Khan, N. I., Malik, A. U., Umer, F. and Bodla, M. I. (2010). Effect of tillage and farm yard manure on physical properties of soil. Int. Res. J. Plant Sci., 1(4): 75-82.
Khan, S., Shah, M. A., Wahid, M. A., Rasool, A. and Khan, M. (2017). Impact of tillage practices on soil physical properties, nitrate leaching and yield attributes of maize. J. Biosci. Agri. Res., 13(1): 1099-1108.
Kumar, A., Panda, A., Mishra, V. N. and Srivastavaint, L. K. (2018). Short-term effect of conservation tillage on carbon pools under rainfed cropping systems of central India. Int. J. Curr. Microbio. App. Sci., 7(1): 2040-2053.
Lindwall, C. W. and Sonntag, B. (eds.) (2010). Landscape transformed: the history of conservation tillage and direct seeding. Knowledge impact in society. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan.
Mathew, R. P., Feng, Y., Githinji, L., Ankumah, R. and Balkcom, K. S. (2012). Impact of no-tillage and conventional tillage systems on soil microbial communities. App. Env. Soil Sci., 1-10.
Majchrzak, L., Sawinska, Z., Natywa, M., Skrzypczak, G. and Głowicka-Wołoszyn, R. (2016). Impact of different tillage systems on soil dehydrogenase activity and spring wheat infection. J. Agri. Sci. Tech., 18(20): 1871-1881.
Nivelle, E., Verzeaux, J., Habbib, H., Kuzyakov, Y., Decocq, G., Roger, D., Lacoux, J., Duclercq, J., Spicher, F., Nava-Saucedo, J. E., Catterou, M., Dubois, F. and Tetu, T. (2016). Functional response of soil microbial communities to tillage, cover crops and nitrogen fertilization. App. Soil Eco., 108: 147–155.
Nta, S. A., Lucas, E. B. and Ogunjimi, L. A. O. (2017). Effect of tillage on soil physico-chemical properties in South-Western Nigeria. Int. J. Res. Agri. Forestry, 4(7): 20-24.
Phillips, S. H. and Young, H. M. (1973). No-tillage farming. reiman associates, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, pp. 224.
Raiesi, F. and Kabiri, V. (2016). Identification of soil quality indicators for assessing the effect of different tillage practices through a soil quality index in a semi-arid environment. Eco. Indicators, 71: 198-207.
Raisen Pal and N. Swaroop (2018). Effect of poutry manure and psb culture in conjuction with different levels of phosphorus on growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo l.). Journal of Plant Development Sciences, 10(1): 69-73.
Roldan, A., Salinas-Garc, J. R., Alguacil, M. M., Dıaz, E. and Caravaca, F. (2005). Soil enzyme activities suggest advantages of conservation tillage practices in sorghum cultivation under subtropical conditions. Geoderma, 129(3-4):178–185.
Sá, J. C. de Moraes, Bürkner dos Santos, J., Lal, R., de Moraes, A., Tivet, F., Freire Machado Sá, M., Briedis, C., de Oliveira Ferreira, A., Eurich, G., Silva, A. and Friedrich, T. (2013). Soil-specific inventories of landscape c and n stocks under no-till and native vegetation to estimate c offset in a subtropical ecosystem, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 77(6): 2094-2110.
Schmitz, M., Puran, M. and Hesse, J. W. (2015). The importance of conservation tillage as a contribution to sustainable agriculture: a special case of soil erosion. Agribusiness-Forschung Nr.33; ed. Institute für Agribusiness, Gießen, 116: 260-267.
Schmidt, R., Gravuer, K., Bossange, A.V. (2018). Mitchell, J. and Scow, K., Long-term use of cover crops and no-till shift soil microbial community life strategies in agricultural soil. Plos One, 13(2): 1-19.
Sheng, Z. E., Li, X. G., Chen, Z. M., Li, X. H., Song, J. R. and Guggenberger, G. (2012). Long-term fertilization and manuring effects on physically separated soil organic-matter pools under continuous wheat cropping at a rainfed semiarid site in China. J. Plant Nut. Soil Sci., 175: 689-697.
Singh, M., Bhullar, M. S. and Chauhan, B. S. (2015). Influence of tillage, cover cropping, and herbicides on weeds and productivity of dry direct-seeded rice. Soil Till. Res., 147: 39–49.
Song, K., Zheng, X., Lv, W., Qin, Q., Sun, L., Zhang, H. and Xue, Y. (2019). Effects of tillage and straw return on water-stable aggregates, carbon stabilization and crop yield in an estuarine alluvial soil. Sci. Rep., 9(1): 1-11.
Urmila, Purohit, H. S., Singh, D., Meena, S. C., Jain, H. K., Kumar, A. and Verma, S. N. (2018). Effect of tillage on physico-chemical indices of soil in maize based cropping sequence of southern Rajasthan. Int. J. Chem. Stud., 6(4): 2490-2493.
Yadav, S. K., Babu, S., Yadav, M. K., Singh, K., Yadav, G. S. and Pal, S. (2013). A review of organic farming for sustainable agriculture in Northern India. Int. J. Agro., 1-8.
Zuber, S. M., Behnke, G. D., Nafziger, E. D. and Villamil, M. B. (2018). Carbon and nitrogen content of soil organic matter and microbial biomass under long-term crop rotation and tillage in Illinois, USA. Agri., 8(3): 1-12.